Clinical evaluation of a novel microneedle device for intradermal delivery of an influenza vaccine: Are all delivery methods the same?

Highlights

•Low dose ID influenza vaccine immunogenicity can be equivalent to full dose IM.

•A novel microneedle device induced higher responses compared to the Mantoux needle.

•Immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccine depends on route and delivery device.

•Immune responses to ID injection may be sensitive to the depth of antigen delivery.