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Studying HPV vaccine cost-effectiveness
PATH is supporting a series of country-led human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine cost-effectiveness analyses to help low- and middle-income country (LMIC) leaders estimate the long-term health and economic impacts of vaccination programs and decide which vaccine products and schedules are most appropriate and sustainable. During the past several years, we’ve worked with partners in Mongolia, the Philippines, Mozambique, Kenya, and Burkina Faso to understand the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccine in their specific countries, with more studies to come.
Cost-effectiveness analyses examine the costs and health impact of one or more interventions by comparing them to each other and to the status quo to determine whether the intervention is a good use of resources. Across the countries studied, results demonstrate that HPV vaccination is cost effective when compared to no vaccination, with specific results influenced by factors such as product choice and vaccination schedule. As more countries consider HPV vaccine introduction and as new, affordable HPV vaccine options enter the market, studies like these will be inform country governments in determining the best use of limited budgets to maximize resources and improve population health.
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Middle income countries still need immunization support
Worldwide, more than 14 million zero dose children have not received an initial dose of DTP vaccine and an additional 6.2 million children are partially vaccinated, having received initial, but not all, routine childhood immunizations. Millions of these children live in middle-income countries. These countries differ by size, population, and income level, and are no longer eligible for donor support for immunization. Unless economic progress is equitable within a country, the national economic indicators that result in a being designated a middle-income country can mask large populations who remain in low-resource settings.
As overall donor support to middle income countries varies, the responsibility for immunization financing lies with local policymakers who must consider the increasing portfolio of vaccines available for routine immunization and simultaneously confront myriad challenges and persistent impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Recognizing these challenges, PATH is working at the sub-national level with governments and civil society organizations in Indonesia, Ukraine, and Vietnam to provide modest technical assistance to build and sustain capacity of government systems, health care workers, and local partners to overcome pandemic and conflict related immunization challenges. PATH seeks to leverage our long history of local partnership and health programming to support the government to improve and sustain their routine immunization coverage.
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PATH study to explore maternal immunization delivery readiness in Africa
PATH is conducting a study to identify requirements for delivering new maternal vaccines in different African contexts (Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, and Zambia). Maternal immunization, or vaccination during pregnancy, can enhance maternal antibodies that pass through the placenta to the baby, protecting in early life when some infections are particularly dangerous given infants’ immature immune systems. Despite a successful track record against several diseases, maternal immunization is not widely available beyond tetanus prevention in most settings, including Africa. Now, new maternal vaccines against diseases such as Group B Streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus are advancing in development and achieving licensure. Their delivery to pregnant populations will require coordination across immunization and antenatal care (ANC) programs, likely in new ways for many countries, which PATH’s research aims to identify. Informed by national, sub-national, and community stakeholders, the study will assess the current state of ANC and immunization programs across the continuum and potential ANC platform readiness to deliver maternal vaccines; ANC visit alignment with vaccination gestational age windows; and perceptions about new maternal vaccines. The aim is for actionable steps to emerge that can support introduction decision-making and advance maternal immunization equity.
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Resources and opportunities
New and updated resources
Malawi Resources
Typhoid fever
Cost of Acute and Sequelae Care for Japanese Encephalitis Patients, Bangladesh, 2011–2021
Accelerating HPV vaccine access
On the verge of RSV disease prevention
COVID-19 Maternal Immunization Resource Library
WHO Report: Landscape analysis of pregnancy exposure registries in low- and middle-income countries
Publication: Phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled trial on novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) in The Gambia
Publication: Safety and immunogenicity of Innovax bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in girls 9–14 years of age
Publication: Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 Use for Polio Outbreak Response: A Global Effort for a Global Health Emergency
CVIA at upcoming events
World Vaccine Congress
April 1 to 4, 2024
Washington, DC
MIM Conference
April 21 to 27, 2024
Kigali, Rwanda
CVIA job opportunities
Senior Technical Officer
Senior Program Assistant, CVIA Integrated Portfolio and Financial Management
Senior Program Assistant, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access (Temporary)
Vaccines and Immunization Lead - Kenya
Pharmacovigilance Manager
Director Project Implementation
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PATH’s Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access brings together our expertise across every stage of the long and complex process of vaccine research, development, and delivery to make lifesaving vaccines widely available to children and communities across the world.
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