Despite the uniqueness of each country situation, some commonalities emerged. Inequalities by child’s sex tended to be minimal or non-existent, and inequality by subnational region tended to be substantial. All countries reported variation by mother’s education and subnational region and all (except Uganda) demonstrated inequality on the basis of household economic status. All 10 priority countries showed a positive association between mother’s education level and childhood immunization coverage. Countries that reported low national coverage (e.g. Chad, Ethiopia and Nigeria) tended to demonstrate steep gradients and/or mass deprivation patterns across socioeconomic subgroups; the odds of immunization tended to be significantly higher in more advantaged subgroups in these countries. Countries with higher national coverage (e.g. India, Indonesia, Kenya and Uganda), more often demonstrated marginal exclusion or universal patterns across socioeconomic subgroups,and tended to have lower urban–rural inequality. When considered alongside knowledge of the country context, the results of this report can be used to inform equity-oriented policies, programmes and practices to promote universal childhood immunization coverage. This report serves as a basis for more detailed explorations at the national and subnational levels, and a baseline for future

health inequality monitoring efforts. Monitoring and exploring inequalities in health is essential as countries strive to “leave no one behind” on the path towards sustainable development