Journal article
Exploring the Landscape of Routine Immunization in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of Barriers and Facilitators
Despite global efforts to improve vaccination coverage, the number of zero-dose and under-immunized children has increased in Africa, particularly in Nigeria, which has over 2.1 million unvaccinated (zero-dose) children, the highest in the continent. This scoping review systematically maps and summarizes existing literature on the barriers and facilitators of immunization in Nigeria, focusing on regional inequalities. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted, encompassing all data from their inception to October 2023, to identify articles on the determinants of routine immunization uptake in Nigeria. Eligible studies were evaluated using predefined criteria, and the data were analyzed and visualized. Findings underscore the need for region-specific interventions that address these unique barriers to improve immunization coverage across Nigeria. Tailored approaches that consider the socio-economic, cultural, and logistical challenges specific to each region are essential to bridge the immunization gap.
Authors
Languages
- English
Publication year
2024
Type
Journal article
Categories
- Global initiatives
Countries
- Nigeria
Tags
- EQUIP
- Equity
- Zero-dose
IRMMA
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessing the Governance and Political-Economy Landscape for Evidence-Based Zero-Dose Programming and Policies in Bangladesh | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, IIHMR, Delhi, The Geneva Learning Foundation, Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2025 | Repository | English |
| Operational Guidance: Estimating the Costs of Interventions to Reach Zero-Dose Children | JSI Research & Training Institute, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance | 2025 | Guidance | English |
| Reaching for Universal Immunization Coverage: Results and Program Recommendations from Combined Immunization Coverage and Serology Surveys in Three Woredas (districts) of Ethiopia in 2013 and 2016 | JSI Research & Training Institute, Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS), Ethiopian public health institute, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD) | 2019 | Case study | English |
| Uganda Zero-Dose Learning Agenda | Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), PATH, Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH) | 2024 | Repository | English |
| Gavi’s Zero-Dose Learning Hub IRMMA Aligned Interventions: Semiannual Update—Bangladesh (October 2025) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI Research & Training Institute, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi, Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2025 | Report | English |
| Gavi’s Zero-Dose Learning Hub IRMMA Aligned Interventions: Semiannual Update—Mali (October 2025) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI Research & Training Institute, Zero-Dose Learning Hub, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi | 2025 | Report | English |
| Early Lessons From Ethiopia in Establishing a Data Triangulation Process to Analyze Immunization Program and Supply Data for Decision Making | Disha Ali, Belayneh Dagnew, Wendy Prosser, Lisa Oot, Natasha Kanagat, Daniel Girma, Amare Bayeh, Adriana Alminana | 2022 | Journal article | English |
| Immunization Coverage Surveys and Linked Biomarker Serosurveys in Three Regions in Ethiopia | Mark A Travassos, Myron M Levine, Robert Steinglass, Marcela F. Pasetti, Samba O Sow, Jaya Goswami, Inna Ruslanova, Yukun Wu, William C. Blackwelder, Mardi Reymann, Jenny Sequeira, Lisa Oot, Tassew Kassa, Seydou S Diarra, Nigisti Mulholland, James D Campbell, Zenaw Adam, Berhane Beyene, Amha Kebede | 2016 | Journal article | English |
| Gavi’s Zero-Dose Learning Hub IRMMA Aligned Interventions: Semiannual Update—Nigeria (October 2025) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI Research & Training Institute, Zero-Dose Learning Hub, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi | 2025 | Report | English |
| Contribution of Health Information System to Child Immunization Services in Ethiopia: Baseline Study of 33 Woredas | Abebaw Worku, Hibret Alemu, Hiwot Belay, Afrah Mohammedsanni, Wubshet Denboba, Frehiwot Mulugeta, Shemsedin Omer, Biruk Abate, Mesoud Mohammed, Mohammed Ahmed, Yakob Wondarad, Meskerem Abebaw | 2022 | Journal article | English |
| Sustaining Immunization Gains for All Communities in Ethiopia: Final Report of the RED-QI Sustainability Inquiry | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi | 2020 | Repository | English |
| Primary Health Care Unit Reaching Every District (RED) Guidelines | JSI Research & Training Institute, PATH, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), World Health Organization (WHO), Ethiopia Ministry of Health | 2021 | Tool | English |
| Implementing Quality Improvement Strategies: A Quick Reference Guide for Woreda & Health Facility Levels | JSI, Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS) | 2020 | Tool | English |
| Bangladesh Zero-Dose Landscape | JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Electronic Immunization Information Systems: A Case Report of Lessons Learned from Implementation in Pakistan | Sullivan E, Masood Tariq, Javeed Wajiha, Katharine Bagshaw, Steve Ollis, Presha Regmi, Gardezi SMA | 2020 | Journal article | English |
| Sustaining Immunization Gains for All Communities: Lessons from Implementation of the RED-QI Approach | JSI, Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS) | 2020 | Case study | English |
| Key Strategies for Bridging the Equity Gap for Immunization in Ethiopia: Use of Quality Improvement Approaches to Strengthen Immunization Service Delivery and Reach the Hardest-to-Reach Populations | JSI, Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS) | 2021 | Case study | English |
| Linking Health Facilities and Communities Improves Routine Immunization | JSI | 2018 | Report | English |
| Rethinking the Routine_ Modernizing Outreach Services to Immunize Zero-Dose Children | JSI Research & Training Institute | 2022 | Tool | English |
| Updating and Monitoring Your Immunization Microplan: Guidelines to Support Woreda Health Offices and Their Health Facilities to Routinely Update and Monitor Their Microplans | Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS) | 2020 | Tool | English |
| Use a Fishbone Diagram to Find Root Causes and Effective Solutions | Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS), JSI | 2018 | Tool | English |
| RESOURCE CATALOGUE SERVICE QUALITY AND EXPERIENCE LITERATURE AND TOOLS | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance | 2023 | Tool | English |
| Pro-Equity Evidence Map | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi, fhi360 | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Primary Health Care Unit Health Post Level Guidelines to Implement the Reaching Every District (RED) Strategy | JSI Research & Training Institute, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), PATH, World Health Organization (WHO), Ethiopia Ministry of Health | 2021 | Tool | English |
| Crossing Lanes: Forecasting for Zero Dose | JSI Research & Training Institute | 2022 | Case study | English |
| Immunization Data Triangulation Tool (IDTT) | JSI | 2020 | Tool | English |
| Improve Data Quality to Make the Most of Important Resources | Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS), JSI | 2018 | Tool | English |
| Key Strategies for Bridging the Equity Gap for Immunization in Ethiopia: Improving Data Use to Achieve More Equitable Service Delivery | JSI, Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS) | 2021 | Case study | English |
| Zero-Dose Learning Platforms - Platform Manager and User Surveys Report | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, IIHMR, Delhi, The Geneva Learning Foundation | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Microplanning: A Promising Approach to Identify and Reach Zero-Dose Children in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, fhi360 | 2023 | Case study | English |
| Collaborating with Women’s Groups: A Promising Approach to Identify and Reach Zero-Dose Children in Urban Mali | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, fhi360 | 2023 | Case study | English, French |
| Zeroing in on Zero-Dose: Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Equity and Coverage among Zero-Dose and Under-Immunized Children in Four Countries | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, IIHMR, Delhi, The Geneva Learning Foundation | 2023 | Presentation | English |
| Uganda Zero-Dose Landscape | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, IIHMR, Delhi, JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Gavi’s Zero-Dose Learning Hub IRMMA Aligned Interventions: Semiannual Update (October 2023) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi, Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Health Systems Strengthening to Reach Zero-Dose Children in Chad | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance | 2023 | Case study | English |
| Early Learning from Zero-Dose Practitioners in Nigeria and Uganda: Gavi ZDLH Inter-Country Peer Exchange (ZDLH-X2) | The Geneva Learning Foundation, JSI, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, IIHMR, Delhi, Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Early Learning from Zero-Dose Practitioners in Bangladesh and Mali: Gavi ZDLH Inter-Country Peer Exchange (ZDLH-X1) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi, Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Country Learning Hub for Immunization Equity in Bangladesh: Findings from Rapid Assessment | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, icddr,b, redorange communications, Jhpiego | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Mali Zero-Dose Landscape | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi | 2023 | Repository | English |
| Cameroon Increases Reach to Zero-Dose Children through Microplanning and Communication | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, fhi360 | 2023 | Case study | English |
| GIS Mapping: A Promising Approach to Identifying and Reaching Zero-Dose Children in Zambia | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, fhi360 | 2023 | Case study | English |
| Introduction of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) in Nepal: Role of the Vaccination Campaign in Identifying and Reaching Zero-Dose Children | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi | 2023 | Case study | English |
| Report on a Rapid Assessment of the Zero-Dose Situation in Uganda | Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH), PATH | 2024 | Repository | English |
| Knowledge Translation for Zero-Dose Immunization Research | Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2024 | Tool | English, French |
| Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Zero-dose and Under-immunized Children in Selected Areas of Bangladesh: Findings from Lot Quality Assurance Sampling Survey | Hemel Das, Zerin Jannat, Kaniz Fatema, Jannat-E-Tajreen Momo, Md. Wazed Ali, Nurul Alam, Mahbub E. Elahi Khan Chowdhury, Christopher J. Morgan, Elizabeth Oliveras, Gustavo Caetano Correa, Heidi W. Reynolds, Md. Jasim Uddin, Tasnuva Wahed | 2024 | Journal article | English |
| Sub-National Budget Analysis Focusing on Immunization Under the Nigeria Zero-Dose Learning Hub Consortium in Nigeria | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Africa Health Budget Network (AHBN), AFENET | 2024 | Repository | English |
| Closing The Immunization Gap: Enhancing Routine Immunization in Nigeria by Reaching Zero-Dose and Under-Immunized Children in Marginalized Communities: Report of a Rapid Assessment | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Africa Health Budget Network (AHBN), African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET), Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2024 | Repository | English |
| Gavi’s Zero-Dose Learning Hub IRMMA Aligned Interventions: Semiannual Update—Mali (May 2024) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, IIHMR, Delhi, The Geneva Learning Foundation, Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2024 | Repository | English |
| Gavi’s Zero-Dose Learning Hub IRMMA Aligned Interventions: Semiannual Update—Nigeria (May 2024) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, The Geneva Learning Foundation, IIHMR, Delhi, Zero-Dose Learning Hub | 2024 | Repository | English |
| Gavi’s Zero-Dose Learning Hub IRMMA Aligned Interventions: Semiannual Update—Uganda (May 2024) | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, JSI, IIHMR, Delhi, The Geneva Learning Foundation | 2024 | Repository | English |
