A missed opportunity for vaccination (MOV) refers to any contact with health services by a child or adult who is eligible for vaccination, which does not result in the person receiving one or more of the vaccine doses for which he or she is eligible. When countries observe that their vaccination coverage is decreasing or stagnating, they seek alternative strategies to explore the reasons and design tailored strategies to address them. The MOV strategy, which includes the 1) Planning Guide to Reduce Missed Opportunities for Vaccination, 2) Methodology for the Assessment of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination and 3) Intervention guidebook for implementing and monitoring activities to reduce Missed Opportunities for Vaccination, was designed to help decision-makers and national or subnational programme managers reduce MOV. The MOV strategy aims to increase immunization coverage by simply making better use of existing vaccination sites and promoting synergy between different maternal and child health programmes. The MOV strategy answers three important questions:
- How many opportunities were missed?
- Why are these opportunities being missed?
- What can be adjusted or done differently?
Once these questions have been addressed, the MOV strategy aims to link and translate the MOV findings into actionable solutions and interventions to reduce MOV, especially at the facility level where vaccination services are provided.
This page was created and is maintained by the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) and provides a list of resources related to MOV.
- MOV publications
- MOV training material
- Interventions to reduce MOV by addressing health worker knowledge, attitudes and practice
- Interventions to reduce MOV by addressing health systems issues
- Interventions to reduce MOV by addressing the demand-side (caregiver behaviours)
MOV publications
This collection contains technical and methodological publications on MOV
Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
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A systematic literature review of missed opportunities for immunization in low- and middle-income countries | Anais Colombini, Bradford D. Gessner, Elise Guillermet, Nadira Maleq, Shruti Sridhar | 2014 | Journal article | English |
Assessment of missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) in Burkina Faso using the World Health Organization’s revised MOV strategy: Findings and strategic considerations to improve routine childhood immunization coverage | Bertrand Meda, Colin Sanderson, Edouard Betsem, Ikechukwu Udo OGBUANU, Isaie Médah, Lassané Kaboré, Laura Nic Lochlainn, Mâ Ouattara, Stephanie Shendale, William M.F. Kaboré | 2020 | Journal article | English |
Assessment of missed opportunities for vaccination in Kenyan health facilities, 2016 | Anyie J. Li, Colin Sanderson, Collins TABU, Iheoma U. Onuekwusi, Ikechukwu Udo OGBUANU, Isaac K. Mugoya, Kibet Sergon, Peter O. Okoth, Stephanie Shendale, Zorodzai Machekanyanga | 2020 | Journal article | English |
Can vaccination coverage be improved by reducing missed opportunities for vaccination? Findings from assessments in Chad and Malawi using the new WHO methodology | Anyie J. Li, Blanche-philomene Melanga Anya, Colin Sanderson, Dah Cheikh, Geoffrey Chirwa, Ikechukwu Udo OGBUANU, Joseph Okeibunor, Kwame W. Chiwaya, Mbaihol Tamadji, Mohamed El-Hafiz Djalal, Richard Mihigo, Zorodzai Machekanyanga | 2019 | Journal article | English |
Increasing routine immunization coverage by reducing missed opportunities for vaccination | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2017 | Guidance | English, French |
Intervention guidebook for implementing and monitoring activities to reduce Missed Opportunities for Vaccination | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2019 | Guidance | English, French |
Missed opportunities for vaccination among children aged 0–23 months visiting health facilities in a southwest State of Nigeria, December 2019 | Akinola Ayoola Fatiregun, Elvis Isere, Fiona Braka, Francis Adegoke Akanbiemu, Itse Olaoye, Kofi Boateng, Lassané Kaboré, Laura Nic Lochlainn, Modupeola Dosumu, Richard Banda, Rosemary Onyibe, Yetunde Olagbuji | 2021 | Journal article | English |
Opportunities to improve vaccination coverage in a country with a fledgling health system: Findings from an assessment of missed opportunities for vaccination among health center attendees—Timor Leste, 2016 | Anyie J. Li, Colin Sanderson, Ikechukwu Udo OGBUANU, Laura Nic Lochlainn, Manuel Mausiry, Rosye Bela Joana Benevides Monizda Silva, Thelge Sudath Rohana Peiris | 2019 | Journal article | English |
Planning Guide to Reduce Missed Opportunities for Vaccination | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2017 | Guidance | English, French, Portuguese |
Qualitative insights into reasons for missed opportunities for vaccination in Kenyan health facilities | Anyie J. Li, Collins TABU, Ephantus Maree, Iheoma U. Onuekwusi, Ikechukwu Udo OGBUANU, Isaac K. Mugoya, Kibet Sergon, Peter O. Okoth, Stephanie Shendale, Zorodzai Machekanyanga | 2020 | Journal article | English |
Reducing missed opportunities for vaccination in Mozambique: findings from a cross-sectional assessment conducted in 2017 | Bvudzai Priscilla Magadzire, Gabriel Joao, Graça Matsinhe, Ikechukwu Udo OGBUANU, Laura Nic Lochlainn, Ruth Bechtel | 2021 | Journal article | English |
Reducing missed opportunities for vaccination in selected provinces of Mozambique: A study protocol | Ikechukwu Udo OGBUANU, Stephanie Shendale, Gabriel Joao, Bvudzai Priscilla Magadzire | Journal article | English | |
Studies of missed opportunities for immunization in developing and industrialized countries | H.A.F.M. Jansen, P. Evans, R.J. Kim-Farley, S.E. Robertson, S.S. Hutchins | 1993 | Journal article | English |
MOV training material
This collection contains tools and resources for training on MOV.
Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
---|---|---|---|---|
Identifying Interventions to Reduce MOV: Caregivers | Immunization Academy, World Health Organization (WHO) | 2020 | Training | English |
Identifying Interventions to Reduce MOV: Health Worker Issues | Immunization Academy, World Health Organization (WHO) | 2020 | Training | English |
Interventions to Reduce MOV: Health System Issues | Immunization Academy, World Health Organization (WHO) | 2020 | Training | English |
Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) and Their Impact on Immunization Coverage | Immunization Academy, World Health Organization (WHO) | 2020 | Training | English |
Recognizing Common Reasons for Missed Opportunities for Vaccination | Immunization Academy, World Health Organization (WHO) | 2020 | Training | English |
Training slides and sample agenda | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2017 | Training | English |
Interventions to reduce MOV by addressing health worker knowledge, attitudes and practice
Country examples and/or resources to address health worker knowledge, attitudes and practice.
Interventions to reduce MOV by addressing health systems issues
Country examples and/or resources to address health systems issues.
Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
---|---|---|---|---|
Annex 4: Illustrative example of job aid on screening for vaccine eligibility (2YL Guidance) | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2018 | Training | English |
Data Quality Review (DQR) Toolkit | World Health Organization (WHO) | Repository | English | |
Immunization flip-chart from Ghana | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ghana Health Service, UNICEF | Guidance | English | |
Providing opportunistic immunisations for at-risk inpatients in a tertiary paediatric hospital | Fiona Newall, Kirsten Perrett, Sonja Elia | 2017 | Journal article | English |
Vaccination Programs: Standing Orders | The Community Guide | 2015 | Repository | English |
Working together: An integration resource guide for planning and strengthening immunization services throughout the life course | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2018 | Case study | English, French |
Interventions to reduce MOV by addressing the demand-side (caregiver behaviours)
Country examples and/or resources to address demand-side (caregiver behaviours).
Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
---|---|---|---|---|
A picture speaks a thousand words: evaluation of a pictorial post-vaccination care resource in Australia | Hammad Ali, Holly Seale, Kirsten Ward, Nicholas Zwar | 2010 | Journal article | English |
Lao PDR vaccination sticker | Lao PDR Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO), Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, UNICEF | Tool | Lao |