The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is among the countries with the highest number of zero-dose and under-immunized children in the world. Tshopo Province, located in the North-Central area of the country, is particularly impacted, with alarmingly low immunization rates and a proportion of zero-dose children higher than 60%. Innovative and targeted interventions are required to reach children missed by the immunization program. In collaboration with the DRC Ministry of Health, PATH implemented a human-centered design (HCD) project to co-create and test solutions that could help the community address the issue in four targeted health areas of Tshopo Province.

As part of the project, we conducted a study to assess the incremental financial, opportunity, and economic costs of implementing the HCD approach and derived prototype interventions. The aim was to inform decision-makers and technical and financial partners about the economic viability of the HCD approach and its potential for scale-up, and to provide a basis for comparison with other strategies to improve immunization coverage. Using a microcosting, ingredients-based approach, we documented and valued all resources used during the project and reported cost per pre-defined activities and cost categories.

Among the interventions implemented, the involvement of private health facilities in immunization activities resulted in a financial and economic cost per zero-dose child vaccinated with Penta 1 of US$16 and US$31 respectively; community engagement activities resulted in a financial and economic cost per zero-dose child identified of US$10 and US$17, respectively. The overall implementation costs of the interventions are expected to decrease after the initial design, testing, and refinement phrases are completed. Given these results, HCD-developed approaches may provide a feasible mechanism for identifying locally adapted strategies to improve childhood immunization coverage.

Suggested citation: Mamadou Sanogo et al., “Applying a Human-Centered Design Approach to Increase Immunization Coverage and Reduce the Number of Zero-Dose Children in Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Costing Analysis,” Vaccine 88 (August 2026): 128874,doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128874

ZDLA-DRC

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