Report

Changes in HPV Vaccination Coverage, Implementation, and Sustainability Following the Switch to a Single-Dose Schedule: A Mixed-Methods Analysis

IVAC

This sequential mixed-methods study examined the implementation and early impact of the switch to a single-dose HPV schedule. The quantitative component compared national HPV vaccine coverage before and after the switch in 49 countries that had implemented the single-dose schedule by 2024. Coverage estimates were obtained from the WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC). The qualitative component comprised key informant interviews with 33 stakeholders from 15 purposively selected countries representing diverse income levels and implementation contexts. Interviews explored implementation experiences, perceived benefits and challenges, and implications for program sustainability. 

Authors

Languages

  • English

Publication year

2026

Type

Report

Categories

Organisations

HPV-INTRO-EVIDENCE

The resource is included in the following table:

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
A call for the introduction of gender-neutral HPV vaccination to national immunisation programmes in AfricaOnyema Greg Chid-Amajuoyi, Joel Fokom Domgue, Chisom Obi-Jeff, Kathleen Schmeler, Sanjay Shete2018Journal articleEnglish
Activities that Sustain HPV Vaccination Programs after Introduction: A Synthesis Across Five Countries in Sub-Saharan AfricaHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
Changes in HPV Vaccination Coverage, Implementation, and Sustainability Following the Switch to a Single-Dose Schedule: A Mixed-Methods AnalysisIVAC2026ReportEnglish
Considerations for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Product Choice: Second EditionWorld Health Organization (WHO)2024GuidanceEnglish
Evidence of reduction in HPV infection and CIN2+ after vaccine introduction in ScotlandR. L. Cameron, Kevin G. Pollock2017Journal articleEnglish
Evidence to inform decision-making on single-dose HPV vaccination policy (English)PATH2024ReportEnglish, Arabic, Chinese, French, Portuguese, Spanish
Gender neutral HPV vaccination programs: Reconsidering policies to expand cancer prevention globallyJ Andrew Dykens, Caryn E. Peterson, Hunter K Holt, Diane M Harper2023Journal articleEnglish
HPV Evidence Brief: CommunicationsHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
HPV Evidence Brief: Effective DeliveryHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
HPV Evidence Brief: PitfallsHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
HPV Evidence Brief: PreparationsHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
HPV Evidence Brief: Sustaining ProgramsHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
HPV-Plus Overview - Integrated Approaches to HPV Vaccination in TanzaniaJhpiego2024ReportEnglish
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine introduction in Sikkim state: Best practices from the first statewide multiple-age cohort HPV vaccine introduction in India–2018–2019Danish Ahmed, Pradeep Haldar, Phumzay Denzongpa, Neelam Singh, Subhendu Roy, Nitasha Kaur, Pankaj Bhatnagar, Pauline Harvey, Kristin VanderEnde, Anagha Loharikar2021Journal articleEnglish
Impact of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine supply shortage on Tanzania’s national HPV vaccine introductionAnagha Loharikar, Dafrossa Lyimo, Raphael Nshunju, Berrington Shayo, Mary Rose Giattas, Alex Mphuru, William Mwengee, Furaha Kyesi, Anyie J. Li2021Journal articleEnglish
Introducing HPV Vaccine in Madagascar: Engaging StakeholdersJSI2016ReportEnglish
Multiple cohort HPV vaccination in Zimbabwe: 2018–2019 program feasibility, awareness, and acceptability among health, education, and community stakeholdersAluwisio Mukavhi, Anagha Loharikar, Julie R. Garon, Maxwell Rupfutse, Portia Manangazira, Qian An, Shakia Bright, Timothy Brennan2021Journal articleEnglish
National introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in Tanzania: Programmatic decision-making and implementationDafrossa Lyimo, William Mwengee, Furaha Kyesi, Anyie J. Li, Alex Mphuru, Raphael Nshunju, Berrington Shayo, Mary Rose Giattas, Anagha Loharikar, Fikiri Mazige2021Journal articleEnglish
Tanzania’s human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program: Community awareness, feasibility, and acceptability of a national HPV vaccination program, 2019Anagha Loharikar, Fatuma Manzi, Anyie J. Li, Yusuf Makame, William Mwengee, Monica Fleming, Abdallah Mkopi, Selemani Mmbaga, Dafrossa Lyimo, Furaha Kyesi2021Journal articleEnglish
The challenge of identifying eligible girls for HPV vaccination: HPV mapping data verification in MalawiHannah Hausi, Patrick Nicks, Temwa Mzengeza, Asnakew Tsega, Dalia Khattab2021Journal articleEnglish

HPV-INTRO-IMPLEMENTATION

The resource is included in the following table:

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
2026 HPV Vaccine Delivery Learning Convening - Final Report With Learning PrioritiesClaire Moodie, Gates Foundation, Future Evidence Foundation, CommonThread, The Difference, Global Center for Gender Equality2026ReportEnglish
Changes in HPV Vaccination Coverage, Implementation, and Sustainability Following the Switch to a Single-Dose Schedule: A Mixed-Methods AnalysisIVAC2026ReportEnglish
Consent formSeychelles Ministry of HealthToolEnglish
Daily HPV Summary SheetZimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care2018ToolEnglish
Exploring Stakeholders' Perspectives of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programme in Adamawa and Benue States of NigeriaHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
Final report quick assessment of out-of-school children outreach at health office and health center levels: Manado City, Gunung Kidul, and KediriRilia Maristela2023ReportEnglish
HPV Evidence Brief: Effective DeliveryHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
HPV Evidence Brief: Sustaining ProgramsHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
HPV vaccination Card MozambiqueMozambique Ministry of Health2015ToolPortuguese
HPV Vaccination Card SenegalSenegal Ministry of Health2018ToolFrench
HPV Vaccination Card TanzaniaTanzania Ministry of Health2018ToolSwahili
HPV vaccination card ZimbabweZimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care2018ToolEnglish
HPV VACCINATION IN MALAWI: Lessons Learned from JSI’s Experience Supporting Vaccine Introduction and RoutinizationJSI2021ReportEnglish
HPV vaccination Invitation letterSouth Africa National Department of Health, Department of Basic Education, South Africa2014ToolEnglish
HPV Vaccination Tally SheetZimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care2018ToolEnglish
HPV Vaccine and Integrated Service Recording FormTanzania Ministry of Health2019ToolSwahili
HPV Vaccine and Integrated Services Tally SheetTanzania Ministry of Health2019ToolSwahili
HPV vaccine Information resourcesHealth Service Executive (HSE)RepositoryEnglish
HPV Vaccine Introduction in Nigeria: A Review of lessons-learned by 16 phase 1 statesJSI, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)2023ReportEnglish
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINE INTRODUCTIONJSI2019ReportEnglish
Insights on Reaching Out-of-School Girls with HPV Vaccination from Seven Low- and Middle-Income CountriesPATH2025PresentationEnglish
Integration of other services with human papillomavirus vaccination; lessons from earlier in the life course highlight the need for new policy and implementation evidence☆Christopher Morgan, Mary Rose Giattas, Taylor A. Holroyd, Anne Pfitzer, Danielle Engel, Anissa Sidibe, Megan Holloway, Paul Bloem, Rebecca Fields, Lora Shimp, Somesh Kumar2021Journal articleEnglish
Introduction of HPV Vaccine in Zimbabwe - Field GuideZimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care2016GuidanceEnglish
LESSONS LEARNED: HPV VACCINE NATIONWIDE INTRODUCTION IN ZIMBABWEGovernment of Zimbabwe, JSI2018ReportEnglish
Models of routine HPV vaccine delivery in sustained programsHAPPI2025Poster/infographicEnglish
Nigeria HPV introduction Phase 1:​ Summary of Key Achievements and Early Lessons Learned​HAPPI2023PresentationEnglish
Nigeria HPV TWG Functionality Matrix ToolJSI, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)2023ToolEnglish
Out-Of-School Pilot Project: Indonesia Country Report by DistrictsLili Nur Indah Sari, Rilia M. Wenas, Denny H. Wicaksono, Yoel Setiawan, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)2023ReportEnglish
Pilot Project: Strategy to reach out-of-school girls with HPV vaccination in IndonesiaClinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)2024ReportEnglish
Project Brief: Insights from Seven Low- and Middle-Income Countries on Reaching Out-of-School Girls with HPV VaccinationPATH2025Poster/infographicEnglish, French
Reaching older girls in low- and middle-income countries with HPV vaccination: A systematic review (Brief)International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC)2026PresentationEnglish
Reaching older girls in low- and middle-income countries with HPV vaccination: A systematic review (Presentation slides) International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC)2026PresentationEnglish
Reaching Out-of-School Girls for HPV Vaccination in Indonesia: Pilot Project ​PresentationClinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), JSI2024PresentationEnglish
Reflections on intersections between HPV vaccination and HIV prevention and care programs: Findings from Key Informant InterviewsInternational Vaccine Access Center (IVAC)2023ReportEnglish
Report of Subnational rapid assessment on Phase I learnings HAPPI2023PresentationEnglish
Resource Guide for Strengthening HPV Vaccination Service DeliveryJSI2023User guideEnglish
School health screening and Immunization consent formMoE/MoHToolEnglish
Summary of Routine Immunization System Integration Enablers and Obstacles in NigeriaHAPPI2025Poster/infographicEnglish
Summary of Service (Vaccine) Delivery Enablers and Obstacles from NigeriaHAPPI2025Poster/infographicEnglish
Synthesis of HPV Program Learnings in NigeriaHAPPI2025ReportEnglish
Synthesis of HPV vaccine delivery costs and implications for BangladeshHAPPI2024ReportEnglish
Zimbabwe age calculator table toolZimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care2018ToolEnglish

HPV-INTRO-SINGLE

The resource is included in the following table:

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Changes in HPV Vaccination Coverage, Implementation, and Sustainability Following the Switch to a Single-Dose Schedule: A Mixed-Methods AnalysisIVAC2026ReportEnglish
Considerations for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Product Choice: Second EditionWorld Health Organization (WHO)2024GuidanceEnglish
HPV VACCINE SCHEDULE OPTIMIZATION Key considerations for decision-making, planning, and implementationPATH, JSI, UNICEF, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Jhpiego, International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health2023GuidanceEnglish, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish
Review of Existing Evidence on Single-Dose HPV VaccinationSingle dose consortium2022PresentationEnglish, French
The Operational Impact of Switching from a Two-Dose to a One-Dose HPV Vaccination Schedule: Lessons Learned from Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands PATH2025ReportEnglish
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