- WHO. Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of measles and rubella virus infection. Second edition, 2007.
- WHO, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Measles and rubella surveillance and outbreak investigation guidelines. 2009. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/205481/B4314.pdf
- WHO, Regional Office for Europe. Surveillance Guidelines for Measles, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the WHO European Region. 2012. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/79020/e93035-2013.pdf
- PAHO. Measles elimination field guide. 2005. http://new.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2010/FieldGuide_Measles_2ndEd_e.pdf
- WHO, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Field guidelines for surveillance of measles, rubella and rubella congenital syndrome. 2011. http://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/emropub_2011_1261.pdf
- WHO, Regional Office for Africa. African regional guidelines for measles and rubella surveillance. 2015. In draft.
- WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Measles elimination field guide. 2013. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/920747/retrieve
Bibliography to Chapter 11
- Manual introduction
- Chapter 1. Measles and rubella: An overview
- 1.1 The structure and biology of measles virus
- 1.2 The clinical description and complications of measles
- 1.3 Infection, immune response and laboratory diagnosis of measles
- 1.4 Epidemiologic features of measles
- 1.5 The structure and biology of rubella virus
- 1.6 The clinical description of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome
- 1.7 Infection, immune response and laboratory diagnosis of rubella and CRS
- 1.8 Epidemiologic features of rubella and CRS
- Bibliography to Chapter 1
- Chapter 2. The Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network
- Chapter 3. Clinical specimens for the laboratory diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of measles, rubella, and CRS
- 3.1 Guidelines for the preparation and transport of clinical specimens
- 3.2 Safety procedures for incoming clinical specimens
- 3.3 Best practices for quality serum specimens for measles and rubella IgM detection
- 3.4 Alternative specimens for IgM antibody testing
- 3.5 Clinical specimens for molecular testing and virus isolation
- 3.6 Serologic and clinical specimens for confirmation of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)
- Bibliography to Chapter 3
- Chapter 4. Antibody detection methods for laboratory confirmation of measles, rubella, and CRS
- 4.1 Selection and comparison of EIAs for IgM detection
- 4.2 Interpretation of IgM results for case classification of measles and rubella
- 4.3 Interpretation of IgM results among suspected cases with recent vaccine history
- 4.4 Alternative specimens for IgM detection
- 4.5 IgG assays and interpretation for case classification
- 4.6 Determination of measles- or rubella-specific IgG avidity
- 4.7 Interpretation of IgG avidity results
- 4.8 Serologic confirmation of suspected CRS cases
- 4.9 New serological techniques and methodologies
- Bibliography to Chapter 4
- Chapter 5. Virus isolation and identification of measles and rubella in cell culture
- 5.1 Recommended cell line for measles and rubella virus isolation
- 5.2 Propagation of Vero-hSLAM cells
- 5.5 Provision of virus isolates for molecular surveillance and the strain bank
- 5.3 Measles virus isolation and confirmation
- 5.4 Rubella virus isolation and confirmation
- 5.6 Methods to ship virus isolates
- Bibliography to Chapter 5
- Chapter 6. Detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR for the confirmation of measles and rubella infection
- 6.1 Best practices for collection and processing clinical specimens and extraction of RNA
- 6.2 Considerations for the use of molecular diagnostic methods
- 6.3 Measles RNA detection by RT-PCR
- 6.4 Vaccine-specific RT-PCR for identification of measles vaccine strains
- 6.5 Rubella RNA detection by RT-PCR
- 6.6 Quality assurance and quality control for RT-PCR
- 6.7 Test validity, data interpretation and assay limitations
- Bibliography to chapter 6
- Chapter 7. Molecular epidemiology of measles and rubella
- 7.1 Phylogenetic diversity and nomenclature for measles genotypes
- 7.2 Integration of measles molecular and epidemiological data
- 7.3 Overview and methods for determination of measles genotypes
- 7.4 Guidelines for reporting a new measles genotype and use of data from MeaNS
- 7.5 The measles nucleotide surveillance (MeaNS) database
- 7.6 Phylogenetic diversity and nomenclature for rubella genotypes
- 7.7 Integration of rubella molecular and epidemiological data
- 7.8 Overview and methods for determination of rubella genotypes
- 7.9 Guidelines for reporting a new rubella genotype
- 7.10 The rubella nucleotide surveillance (RubeNS) database
- 7.11 Methods and prospects for enhancing resolution of sequence data for molecular epidemiology
- 7.12 GMRLN guidance for use of extended sequencing of measles virus for the verification of elimination (February 2024)
- Bibliography to chapter 7
- Chapter 8. Laboratory testing in support of measles and rubella surveillance in elimination settings
- 8.1 Challenges for accurate case classification in elimination settings
- 8.2 Utility and limitations for molecular testing in elimination settings
- 8.3 Difficult cases and situations that may require additional testing
- 8.4 Additional testing to aid case classification
- 8.5 Measles reinfections: characteristics and case confirmation
- Bibliography to Chapter 8
- Chapter 9. Laboratory testing for determination of population immune status
- Chapter 10. Laboratory support for the verification of elimination of measles and rubella
- Chapter 11. Data management and reporting of laboratory results
- Chapter 12. Quality assurance, quality control, and assessment of laboratory capacity and performance
- 12.1 The establishment and benefits of a quality management system
- 12.2 Technical elements of QMS
- 12.3 Key objectives of laboratory quality assurance
- 12.4 Monitoring IgM assay performance
- 12.5 The WHO external quality assessment programme
- 12.6 Process of WHO assessment and accreditation
- Bibliography to Chapter 12
- List of Annexes
- Chapter 1. Measles and rubella: An overview
- Manual introduction
- Chapter 1. Measles and rubella: An overview
- 1.1 The structure and biology of measles virus
- 1.2 The clinical description and complications of measles
- 1.3 Infection, immune response and laboratory diagnosis of measles
- 1.4 Epidemiologic features of measles
- 1.5 The structure and biology of rubella virus
- 1.6 The clinical description of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome
- 1.7 Infection, immune response and laboratory diagnosis of rubella and CRS
- 1.8 Epidemiologic features of rubella and CRS
- Bibliography to Chapter 1
- Chapter 2. The Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network
- Chapter 3. Clinical specimens for the laboratory diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of measles, rubella, and CRS
- 3.1 Guidelines for the preparation and transport of clinical specimens
- 3.2 Safety procedures for incoming clinical specimens
- 3.3 Best practices for quality serum specimens for measles and rubella IgM detection
- 3.4 Alternative specimens for IgM antibody testing
- 3.5 Clinical specimens for molecular testing and virus isolation
- 3.6 Serologic and clinical specimens for confirmation of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)
- Bibliography to Chapter 3
- Chapter 4. Antibody detection methods for laboratory confirmation of measles, rubella, and CRS
- 4.1 Selection and comparison of EIAs for IgM detection
- 4.2 Interpretation of IgM results for case classification of measles and rubella
- 4.3 Interpretation of IgM results among suspected cases with recent vaccine history
- 4.4 Alternative specimens for IgM detection
- 4.5 IgG assays and interpretation for case classification
- 4.6 Determination of measles- or rubella-specific IgG avidity
- 4.7 Interpretation of IgG avidity results
- 4.8 Serologic confirmation of suspected CRS cases
- 4.9 New serological techniques and methodologies
- Bibliography to Chapter 4
- Chapter 5. Virus isolation and identification of measles and rubella in cell culture
- 5.1 Recommended cell line for measles and rubella virus isolation
- 5.2 Propagation of Vero-hSLAM cells
- 5.5 Provision of virus isolates for molecular surveillance and the strain bank
- 5.3 Measles virus isolation and confirmation
- 5.4 Rubella virus isolation and confirmation
- 5.6 Methods to ship virus isolates
- Bibliography to Chapter 5
- Chapter 6. Detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR for the confirmation of measles and rubella infection
- 6.1 Best practices for collection and processing clinical specimens and extraction of RNA
- 6.2 Considerations for the use of molecular diagnostic methods
- 6.3 Measles RNA detection by RT-PCR
- 6.4 Vaccine-specific RT-PCR for identification of measles vaccine strains
- 6.5 Rubella RNA detection by RT-PCR
- 6.6 Quality assurance and quality control for RT-PCR
- 6.7 Test validity, data interpretation and assay limitations
- Bibliography to chapter 6
- Chapter 7. Molecular epidemiology of measles and rubella
- 7.1 Phylogenetic diversity and nomenclature for measles genotypes
- 7.2 Integration of measles molecular and epidemiological data
- 7.3 Overview and methods for determination of measles genotypes
- 7.4 Guidelines for reporting a new measles genotype and use of data from MeaNS
- 7.5 The measles nucleotide surveillance (MeaNS) database
- 7.6 Phylogenetic diversity and nomenclature for rubella genotypes
- 7.7 Integration of rubella molecular and epidemiological data
- 7.8 Overview and methods for determination of rubella genotypes
- 7.9 Guidelines for reporting a new rubella genotype
- 7.10 The rubella nucleotide surveillance (RubeNS) database
- 7.11 Methods and prospects for enhancing resolution of sequence data for molecular epidemiology
- 7.12 GMRLN guidance for use of extended sequencing of measles virus for the verification of elimination (February 2024)
- Bibliography to chapter 7
- Chapter 8. Laboratory testing in support of measles and rubella surveillance in elimination settings
- 8.1 Challenges for accurate case classification in elimination settings
- 8.2 Utility and limitations for molecular testing in elimination settings
- 8.3 Difficult cases and situations that may require additional testing
- 8.4 Additional testing to aid case classification
- 8.5 Measles reinfections: characteristics and case confirmation
- Bibliography to Chapter 8
- Chapter 9. Laboratory testing for determination of population immune status
- Chapter 10. Laboratory support for the verification of elimination of measles and rubella
- Chapter 11. Data management and reporting of laboratory results
- Chapter 12. Quality assurance, quality control, and assessment of laboratory capacity and performance
- 12.1 The establishment and benefits of a quality management system
- 12.2 Technical elements of QMS
- 12.3 Key objectives of laboratory quality assurance
- 12.4 Monitoring IgM assay performance
- 12.5 The WHO external quality assessment programme
- 12.6 Process of WHO assessment and accreditation
- Bibliography to Chapter 12
- List of Annexes
- Chapter 1. Measles and rubella: An overview