Vaccine portfolio optimization: Guidance, tools, and resources for evidence-based decision making

Molly Sauer

Countries now have access to an unprecedented wave of new vaccine options — alternative presentations, products, and schedules, as well as new vaccines in the pipeline. This expanding landscape provides an opportunity to examine the full vaccine portfolio and identify ways to improve coverage and impact, reduce costs and wastage, and lessen the burden on the cold chain and on health workers. Each switch comes with trade-offs, making it crucial that countries assess their priorities and weigh available evidence and programmatic factors for each option.
As countries begin to explore ways to optimize the EPI portfolio — whether to identify options better suited to their context, navigate supply challenges, or make space for new introductions — and consider new vaccine introductions, new and growing bodies of guidance, evidence, and experiences can help inform those discussions. 
This page provides a compendium of tools, guidance documents, and case studies to support countries in navigating available and upcoming vaccine options and making evidence-based decisions to optimize the cost, impact, logistics or programmatic ease of their vaccine portfolio and prioritize new vaccine decisions.
 

Note: This site is currently under revision and information below may not be up to date. Additional resources, including the Vaccine Prioritization and Portfolio Optimization (VPOP) toolkit and the New Vaccine Introduction Prioritization and Sequencing Tool (NVI-PST), are available on the Global NITAG Network (GNN) NITAG Resource Website.

Content 

  1. Vaccine portfolio optimization guidance
  2. Guidance for Gavi-eligible countries
  3. Decision-making tools and resources
  4. Vaccine-specific information

1. Vaccine portfolio optimization guidance

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Resource Center for National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs) worldwideGlobal NITAG Network2026RepositoryEnglish

2. Guidance for Gavi-eligible countries

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Vaccine Detailed product profiles (DPPs) For Gavi-supported vaccinesGavi, the Vaccine Alliance2022RepositoryEnglish, French
Gavi Product MenuUNICEF2023RepositoryEnglish
Gavi Support GuidelinesGavi, the Vaccine Alliance2023GuidanceEnglish, French

3. Decision-making tools and resources 

Decision support tools and technical assistance 

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
Guidance on an adapted evidence to recommendation process for National Immunization Technical Advisory GroupsWorld Health Organization (WHO)GuidanceEnglish, Russian
Country-led Assessment for Prioritization in Immunization (CAPACITI) decision-support toolWorld Health Organization (WHO)2020ToolEnglish, French, Portuguese, Spanish
Immunization Decision-Making Resource CatalogueWorld Health Organization (WHO)2023ToolEnglish
Decade of Vaccine Economics (DOVE)International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC)ToolEnglish
Vaccine Economics Research for Sustainability and Equity (VERSE)International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC)2025ToolEnglish
 

Country experiences and lessons learned

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
The switch from ROTARIX to ROTAVAC in Ghana: Answers to four key questionsPATH2022ReportEnglish
The Health Benefits of Rotavirus Immunization for Children in Palestine: Results of a Vaccine Impact AnalysisPATH, Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation, Palestine Ministry of Health2021ReportRussian
Economic Implications of Switching Rotavirus Vaccine Products in Palestine's Immunization ProgramPATH2020Case studyArabic, English, Russian, French
Introducing 5-dose Measles-Rubella Vaccine Vials in Zambia: Research FindingsDose Per Container Partnership (DPCP), JSI2019Case studyEnglish
The effects of switching from 10 to 5-dose vials of MR vaccine on vaccination coverage and wastage: A mixed-method study in ZambiaKirstin Krudwig, Barbara Knittel, Ali Karim, Natasha Kanagat, Wendy Prosser, Guissimon Phiri, Frances Mwansa, Robert Steinglass2020Journal articleEnglish
A Switch for Sustainability in Ghana's Rotavirus Vaccine ProgramGeorge Armah2020Case studyEnglish
The Operational Impact of Switching from a Two-Dose to a One-Dose HPV Vaccination Schedule: Lessons Learned from Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands HAPPI2025ReportEnglish
Economic implications of switching to the hexavalent infant vaccine in an immunization program in IndiaPawan Kumar, Kapil Singh, Arindam Ray, Arup Deb Roy, Susmita Chatterjee, Homero Hernandez, Amrita Kumari2026Journal articleEnglish

4. Vaccine-specific information

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) 

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
WHO position papersWorld Health Organization (WHO)RepositoryArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Vaccine Detailed product profiles (DPPs) For Gavi-supported vaccinesGavi, the Vaccine Alliance2022RepositoryEnglish, French
UNICEF Pricing Information-PCVUNICEF2023DatasheetEnglish
Considerations for PCV product choiceWorld Health Organization (WHO)2021GuidanceEnglish
VIEW-hub data on PCV introductions, coverage, and productsJohns Hopkins University, International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC)2000ToolEnglish
PCV catch-up vaccination FAQCHOICES2023GuidanceEnglish, French
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine cost calculator for middle-income countriesPATH2024ToolEnglish, French, Spanish
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine cost calculator for Gavi-eligible countriesPATH2025ToolEnglish, French, Spanish
WHO's Updated PCV Position Paper: 1p+1 Schedules for National ProgramsAlejandro Ramirez Gonzalez, Eleanor Neal, Shamez Ladhani, Maya Vandenent, Johanna Fihman2026WebinarEnglish, French, Spanish

Rotavirus vaccines (RVV)

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
WHO position papersWorld Health Organization (WHO)RepositoryArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Summary of key characteristics of WHO Prequalified Rotavirus vaccinesWorld Health Organization (WHO)Poster/infographicEnglish
Vaccine Detailed product profiles (DPPs) For Gavi-supported vaccinesGavi, the Vaccine Alliance2022RepositoryEnglish, French
UNICEF Pricing Information-RVVUNICEF2021DatasheetEnglish
VIEW-hub data on RVV introductions, coverage, and productsInternational Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Johns Hopkins UniversityToolEnglish
Rotavirus vaccine cost calculator for middle-income countriesPATH2024ToolEnglish, French, Spanish
Rotavirus vaccine cost calculator for Gavi-eligible countriesPATH2025ToolEnglish, French, Spanish

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines 

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
WHO position papersWorld Health Organization (WHO)RepositoryArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Vaccine Detailed product profiles (DPPs) For Gavi-supported vaccinesGavi, the Vaccine Alliance2022RepositoryEnglish, French
HPV vaccine cost calculator for Gavi-eligible countriesPATH2025ToolEnglish, French, Spanish
VIEW-hub data on HPV introductions, coverage, and productsInternational Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Johns Hopkins UniversityToolEnglish
UNICEF Pricing Information-HPVUNICEF2021DatasheetEnglish
HPV VACCINE SCHEDULE OPTIMIZATION Key considerations for decision-making, planning, and implementationPATH, JSI, UNICEF, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Jhpiego, International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health2023GuidanceEnglish, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish
HPV vaccine cost calculator for middle-income countriesPATH2026ToolEnglish, French, Spanish

Measles-containing vaccines (MCV / MR / MMR)

TitleAuthorYearTypeLanguage
WHO position papersWorld Health Organization (WHO)RepositoryArabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Vaccine Detailed product profiles (DPPs) For Gavi-supported vaccinesGavi, the Vaccine Alliance2022RepositoryEnglish, French
VIEW-hub data on MCV introductions, coverage, and productsInternational Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), Johns Hopkins UniversityToolEnglish
UNICEF Pricing Information-MCVUNICEF2021DatasheetEnglish
UNICEF - Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR) price dataUNICEF2021DatasheetEnglish
UNICEF - Measles and rubella vaccine (MR) price dataUNICEF2022DatasheetEnglish
Transitioning to a 5-dose Measles and Measles-Rubella vaccine presentation for routine immunizationSheldon Halsted2025RepositoryEnglish

Hexavalent Vaccine